Surface characterization is the study of the physical and chemical properties of a material's surface. This process helps scientists and engineers understand how surfaces interact with their environment, which is crucial for applications like coatings, adhesives, and sensors. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are commonly used to analyze surface topography and composition. By examining surface characteristics, researchers can determine factors like roughness, porosity, and chemical composition. This information is vital for improving material performance in various fields, including nanotechnology, biotechnology, and materials science. Understanding surface properties can lead to innovations in product design and functionality.