Surface analysis is a set of techniques used to study the physical and chemical properties of surfaces and interfaces. It helps scientists understand how materials interact with their environment, which is crucial in fields like materials science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Common methods include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). These techniques provide detailed information about surface composition, structure, and reactivity. By analyzing surfaces at the atomic or molecular level, researchers can improve material performance, develop new technologies, and enhance product quality in various industries, including electronics and pharmaceuticals.