Surface science is the study of the physical and chemical properties of surfaces and interfaces. It focuses on understanding how atoms and molecules interact at surfaces, which is crucial for various applications, including catalysis, semiconductor technology, and materials science. Techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are commonly used to analyze surface structures and compositions. This field plays a vital role in developing new materials and improving existing ones. By examining surface phenomena, researchers can enhance processes like catalysis in chemical reactions or improve the performance of solar cells. Surface science bridges the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.