The Stuart monarchy refers to the royal family that ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1603 to 1714. It began when James VI of Scotland became James I of England, uniting the crowns of England and Scotland. The period is marked by significant events, including the English Civil War and the eventual establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy saw the restoration of the crown in 1660 with Charles II, followed by James II. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to the end of absolute monarchy, establishing constitutional principles and the rule of William and Mary. The Stuart era significantly shaped British history and governance.