Charles II was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 until his death in 1685. He was born on May 29, 1630, and became king after the English Civil War and the subsequent execution of his father, Charles I. His reign is known as the Restoration period, marking the return of the monarchy after years of republican rule under Oliver Cromwell. During his rule, Charles II focused on rebuilding the nation and promoting the arts and sciences. He established the Royal Society in 1660, which encouraged scientific advancement. His reign also saw conflicts with Parliament over issues of power and religion, leading to significant political developments in England.