Sterilization methods are techniques used to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, and spores. Common methods include autoclaving, which uses high-pressure steam to kill microorganisms, and chemical sterilization, which employs substances like ethylene oxide or hydrogen peroxide. These methods are essential in medical settings to ensure that surgical instruments and equipment are free from contamination. Another method is radiation sterilization, which uses gamma rays or electron beams to destroy pathogens. Filtration is also used, particularly for heat-sensitive liquids and gases, by passing them through filters that trap microorganisms. Each method has specific applications and effectiveness depending on the materials being sterilized.