Shallow foundations are a type of building foundation that is placed close to the ground surface. They are typically used for structures that do not require deep support, such as residential homes and small buildings. Shallow foundations distribute the weight of the structure over a larger area, which helps prevent excessive settlement and ensures stability. Common types of shallow foundations include spread footings, strip foundations, and mat foundations. These foundations are usually made of concrete and are designed to support the load of the building while resisting soil movement. Proper design and construction are essential to ensure their effectiveness and longevity.