Sensor networks are collections of interconnected devices, known as sensors, that monitor and collect data from their environment. These sensors can measure various parameters, such as temperature, humidity, light, and motion. The data gathered is transmitted to a central system for analysis, enabling real-time monitoring and decision-making. These networks are widely used in various applications, including smart cities, agriculture, and healthcare. For instance, in smart cities, sensor networks can help manage traffic flow and monitor air quality, while in agriculture, they can optimize irrigation and crop management.