The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals across Europe, driven by demands for democratic reforms, national independence, and social change. These revolutions began in France, where the February Revolution led to the establishment of the Second Republic. The unrest quickly spread to countries like Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, as people sought to challenge autocratic rule and promote liberal ideas. Despite initial successes, most of the revolutions ultimately failed to achieve lasting change. By the end of 1849, conservative forces regained control, and many revolutionary leaders were exiled or imprisoned. The revolutions highlighted the growing tensions between different social classes and the desire for political reform in 19th-century Europe.