The Republic of China (Taiwan) is an island located in East Asia, off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It has a population of approximately 23 million people and its capital is Taipei. The island has a democratic government and a vibrant economy, known for its technology and manufacturing sectors. Historically, the Republic of China was established in 1912 after the fall of the Qing Dynasty. Following the Chinese Civil War, the government retreated to Taiwan in 1949. Today, Taiwan operates independently, although its political status remains a contentious issue in international relations, particularly with mainland China.