René Guénon (1886-1951) was a French metaphysician and philosopher known for his critique of modernity and emphasis on traditional spiritual knowledge. He argued that contemporary society had lost its connection to deeper metaphysical truths, advocating for a return to traditional wisdom found in various spiritual traditions. Guénon’s work often explored the relationship between esotericism and exotericism, highlighting the importance of inner knowledge over outer forms of religion. He wrote extensively on topics such as symbolism, initiation, and the decline of Western civilization, influencing various fields, including comparative religion and philosophy.