Prehistoric Europe refers to the period before written records, spanning from the earliest human presence to around 3000 BCE. During this time, early humans, such as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, lived in small groups, relying on hunting, gathering, and fishing for survival. They created tools from stone and bone, and some groups developed early forms of art, as seen in cave paintings in locations like Lascaux in France. The climate and geography of Europe varied greatly, influencing the lifestyles of its inhabitants. The end of the last Ice Age around 10,000 BCE led to changes in flora and fauna, allowing for the development of agriculture. This transition marked the beginning of the Neolithic period, where communities began to settle, cultivate crops, and domesticate animals, laying the foundation for future civilizations.