"Pre-colonial" refers to the period before the arrival of European powers in various regions around the world. This era is characterized by the existence of diverse cultures, societies, and economies that developed independently. Many indigenous peoples had their own systems of governance, trade networks, and spiritual beliefs, which were often deeply connected to their local environments. In regions like Africa, Asia, and the Americas, pre-colonial societies varied widely. For example, the Maya and Inca civilizations in the Americas had advanced agricultural practices and complex political structures. Similarly, in Africa, kingdoms such as Mali and Ghana thrived through trade and cultural exchange long before European contact.