Pre-Romanesque refers to the architectural and artistic styles that emerged in Europe before the Romanesque period, roughly from the late 8th century to the early 11th century. This era is characterized by a blend of influences, including Byzantine, Carolingian, and Islamic styles, resulting in unique structures and decorative arts. Key features include the use of rounded arches, thick walls, and simple, functional designs. Notable examples of Pre-Romanesque architecture include the Palatine Chapel in Aachen, built under Charlemagne, and various early Christian churches across Europe. This period laid the groundwork for the more elaborate and monumental styles that would follow in the Romanesque era.