Pre-Columbian civilizations refer to the diverse cultures that developed in the Americas before the arrival of European explorers. These societies, such as the Maya, Aztec, and Inca, showcased advanced knowledge in agriculture, architecture, and astronomy, leaving behind impressive monuments and artifacts. These civilizations thrived in various regions, from the intricate city-states of Mesoamerica to the vast empires of the Andes. Their rich histories and contributions to human civilization continue to be studied and celebrated, providing insight into the lives and achievements of indigenous peoples long before European contact.