Portuguese history began in the 12th century when Portugal emerged as a kingdom after the Christian Reconquista. The first king, Afonso I, established the nation’s borders and promoted the use of the Portuguese language. Over the following centuries, Portugal became a significant maritime power, exploring and colonizing parts of Africa, Asia, and South America during the Age of Discovery. In the 16th century, Portugal's empire expanded, leading to immense wealth and cultural exchange. However, by the 19th century, the empire began to decline due to wars and independence movements in its colonies. The establishment of the Portuguese Republic in 1910 marked a significant political change, leading to various regimes until the peaceful Carnation Revolution in 197