The Portuguese Independence movement began in the early 19th century as a response to the Napoleonic Wars. In 1807, the French invaded Portugal, prompting the royal family to flee to Brazil. This led to a growing desire for autonomy in both Portugal and Brazil. In 1822, Dom Pedro I, the son of the Portuguese king, declared Brazil's independence, which was recognized in 1825. Meanwhile, Portugal faced internal strife, leading to the Liberal Wars. Ultimately, the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in 1820 marked the end of the struggle for independence, solidifying Portugal's sovereignty.