Pope Alexander IX, born Giovanni Battista Cibo in 1492, served as the head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1665 to 1667. He was known for his efforts to reform the Church and address issues of corruption during a time of significant political and religious turmoil in Europe. His papacy was marked by a focus on strengthening the authority of the papacy and promoting Catholic doctrine. During his short reign, Alexander IX faced challenges from various factions, including the Protestant Reformation and internal Church disputes. He was also involved in diplomatic relations with European powers, aiming to maintain the influence of the Vatican in global affairs. His papacy ended with his death in 1667, after which he was succeeded by Pope Clement IX.