Papal history refers to the timeline and events surrounding the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church, known as popes. The papacy began with Saint Peter, one of Jesus' apostles, who is considered the first pope. Over the centuries, popes have played significant roles in religious, political, and social matters, influencing the course of Christianity and European history. Throughout history, the papacy has faced challenges, including the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, which led to the rise of various Christian denominations. Modern popes, like Pope Francis, continue to address contemporary issues such as social justice, climate change, and interfaith dialogue, shaping the church's role in today's world.