Plebeians were the common people of ancient Rome, distinct from the elite class known as patricians. They made up the majority of the population and included farmers, laborers, and artisans. Initially, plebeians had limited rights and political power, but over time, they fought for and gained more representation in the government. The struggle for plebeian rights led to significant social changes, including the creation of the Tribune of the Plebs, an elected official who represented their interests. This movement helped establish a more balanced political system in Rome, allowing plebeians to participate in decision-making processes and improve their social standing.