The Nineteenth Century, spanning from 1801 to 1900, was a period marked by significant social, political, and technological changes. It saw the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which transformed economies from agrarian to industrial, leading to urbanization and changes in labor. This era also witnessed the expansion of empires, particularly the British Empire, and movements for social reform, including the abolition of slavery and women's suffrage. Culturally, the Nineteenth Century was rich with artistic and literary movements such as Romanticism and Realism. Notable figures included writers like Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy, who explored themes of social justice and human experience. Scientific advancements, including the work of Charles Darwin and the development of new technologies, also characterized this transformative century.