Muslim kingdoms were political entities that emerged in various regions following the spread of Islam in the 7th century. These kingdoms, such as the Umayyad Caliphate and the Abbasid Caliphate, played significant roles in the development of culture, science, and trade. They often encompassed vast territories, including parts of North Africa, the Middle East, and Spain. These kingdoms were characterized by their unique governance structures, often led by a caliph or sultan. They contributed to advancements in various fields, including mathematics, medicine, and architecture, leaving a lasting legacy that influenced both the Islamic world and Europe during the Middle Ages.