Mexican Texas refers to the period in the early 19th century when Texas was part of the Mexican Republic. After gaining independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico encouraged settlement in Texas, leading to an influx of Anglo-American settlers. This era saw the establishment of several towns and ranches, as well as the introduction of new agricultural practices. Tensions arose between the settlers and the Mexican government due to cultural differences and issues like slavery and land rights. These conflicts eventually contributed to the Texas Revolution in 1835, which resulted in Texas declaring independence and becoming the Republic of Texas.