Medieval Scotland, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was characterized by a feudal system where land was held by nobles in exchange for military service. The kingdom was divided into various regions, each ruled by local lords, and was often marked by conflicts with neighboring kingdoms, particularly England. During this period, Scotland saw the rise of significant figures like Robert the Bruce and William Wallace, who fought for Scottish independence. The era also witnessed the establishment of important cultural and religious institutions, including the founding of universities and the spread of Christianity, which played a crucial role in shaping Scottish identity.