Medieval Islamic States emerged after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century, expanding rapidly across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia. These states were characterized by a blend of Arab, Persian, and Turkic cultures, and they played a crucial role in the spread of Islam and the development of trade, science, and philosophy. The most notable medieval Islamic empires included the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, which established centers of learning in cities like Baghdad and Cordoba. These states contributed significantly to advancements in mathematics, medicine, and literature, preserving and enhancing knowledge from earlier civilizations.