The ancient Maya civilization was known for its advanced understanding of astronomy. They meticulously observed celestial bodies, including the Sun, Moon, and planets, to create accurate calendars. Their observations helped them predict solar and lunar eclipses, as well as seasonal changes, which were crucial for agriculture and religious ceremonies. The Mayan calendar system included the Tzolk'in, a 260-day ritual calendar, and the Haab', a 365-day solar calendar. These calendars were interrelated and used to schedule important events. The Maya also built observatories, such as those at Uxmal and Chichen Itza, to enhance their astronomical studies.