Material characterization is the process of analyzing and understanding the properties and structure of materials. This involves examining physical, chemical, and mechanical properties to determine how a material behaves under different conditions. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopy are commonly used to gather data about a material's composition and structure. The information obtained from material characterization is crucial for various applications, including engineering, manufacturing, and research. By understanding a material's characteristics, scientists and engineers can select the right materials for specific applications, improve product performance, and develop new materials with desired properties.