X-ray diffraction is a technique used to study the structure of materials at the atomic level. When X-rays are directed at a crystal, they scatter in specific directions, creating a pattern that can be analyzed. This pattern reveals information about the arrangement of atoms within the crystal, helping scientists understand its properties and behavior. This method is widely used in fields like chemistry, physics, and materials science. For example, researchers can use X-ray diffraction to investigate the structure of proteins, minerals, or even nanomaterials. By analyzing these patterns, they can gain insights into how these substances interact and function.