The Mamluk Period refers to a historical era in Egypt and the Levant from the 13th to the 16th centuries, characterized by the rule of the Mamluks, a military class that seized power. They were originally enslaved soldiers who became influential leaders, establishing a sultanate that thrived on trade and culture. During this time, the Mamluks are known for their impressive architectural achievements, including the construction of mosques and schools, such as the Sultan Hassan Mosque. They also played a crucial role in defending the region against the Crusaders and the Mongols, solidifying their legacy in Islamic history.