The Malay Sultanate refers to a series of Islamic states in the Malay Archipelago, primarily located in present-day Malaysia and Indonesia. These sultanates emerged from the 15th century onwards, with notable examples including the Malacca Sultanate and the Johor Sultanate. They played a significant role in regional trade, culture, and the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia. The sultanates were often ruled by a sultan, who held both political and religious authority. They established trade networks with other regions, including China and India, and contributed to the rich cultural heritage of the Malay people through art, literature, and architecture.