Mahmud Shah Durrani was the last ruler of the Durrani Empire, which was established in the mid-18th century in present-day Afghanistan. He reigned from 1801 to 1803 and again from 1809 to 1818. His rule was marked by internal strife and challenges from rival factions, which weakened the empire. Despite his efforts to maintain control, Mahmud Shah faced significant opposition, leading to his eventual exile. He is often remembered for his attempts to unify the diverse tribes of Afghanistan and for his role in the region's complex history during a time of political instability.