Lithography is a printing process that involves transferring images or text from a flat surface to another material, typically paper. It works on the principle that oil and water do not mix. In traditional lithography, an artist draws on a smooth stone or metal plate with a greasy substance. The surface is then treated with water and ink, allowing the ink to adhere only to the greasy areas. Modern lithography, often used in semiconductor manufacturing, involves creating intricate patterns on silicon wafers. This process is essential for producing microchips and involves techniques like photolithography, where light is used to transfer designs onto the wafer.