Photolithography is a process used in the manufacturing of microelectronics, particularly in creating integrated circuits. It involves transferring a pattern from a photomask onto a semiconductor wafer using light. The wafer is coated with a light-sensitive material called photoresist, which changes its properties when exposed to light. After exposure, the wafer undergoes a development process where the exposed or unexposed areas of the photoresist are removed, revealing the underlying material. This allows for precise etching or doping of the semiconductor, enabling the creation of intricate electronic components essential for devices like smartphones and computers.