Leaf anatomy refers to the structure and organization of leaves, which are essential for photosynthesis. A typical leaf consists of several layers, including the upper and lower epidermis, which protect the leaf. Beneath the epidermis lies the mesophyll, divided into palisade and spongy layers, where most photosynthesis occurs. The leaf also contains veins, made up of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients. The stomata, small openings on the leaf surface, allow for gas exchange, enabling carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit. Understanding leaf anatomy is crucial for studying plant biology and ecology.