King Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, reigned from 1189 to 1199. He was born on September 8, 1157, and was the son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard is best known for his role in the Third Crusade, where he led Christian forces in an effort to reclaim the Holy Land from Saladin, the Muslim leader. Despite his military prowess, Richard spent much of his reign away from England, focusing on his campaigns in the Middle East. His absence led to challenges in governance, and he was captured during his return journey, requiring a hefty ransom for his release. Richard's legacy is marked by his bravery and chivalric ideals.