King Ferdinand II of Portugal, also known as Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, reigned from 1837 to 1853. He was born on October 29, 1816, and became king after the death of his predecessor, Queen Maria II. Ferdinand was known for his interest in the arts and culture, which led to significant contributions to the development of Portuguese architecture and gardens. During his reign, Ferdinand II focused on modernizing Portugal and improving its infrastructure. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Lisbon National Theatre and the Pena Palace in Sintra, which reflects his passion for Romantic architecture. His reign ended with his abdication in favor of his son, Pedro V.