King Carlos IV was the monarch of Spain from 1788 until 1808. He was born on November 11, 1748, and was the son of King Carlos III. His reign was marked by political turmoil, economic challenges, and the influence of the French Revolution, which led to significant changes in Europe. During his rule, Carlos IV faced growing discontent among the Spanish people and the nobility. In 1808, he abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII, amid the Peninsular War and pressure from Napoleon Bonaparte. Carlos IV died on January 20, 1819, in exile in Italy.