King Alfonso XIII of Spain was born on November 17, 1886, and became king at birth due to his father's abdication. His reign lasted from 1886 until 1931, a period marked by political instability and social change in Spain. He was known for his efforts to modernize the country and promote economic development. During his reign, Alfonso XIII faced numerous challenges, including military conflicts and regional tensions. In 1931, amid growing discontent and the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, he chose to go into exile. His departure marked the end of the Spanish monarchy until its restoration in 1975 with King Juan Carlos I.