King Alexander Jannaeus was a ruler of the Hasmonean dynasty in ancient Judea, reigning from 103 to 76 BCE. He was known for his military campaigns that expanded the territory of Judea, including conquests in Galilee and Perea. His reign was marked by conflicts with the Pharisees, a prominent Jewish sect, which led to significant political and social tensions. Jannaeus was also notable for his efforts to strengthen the Jewish state and promote Hellenistic culture. He built several cities and fortifications, enhancing trade and security. His rule ended with his death, after which his widow, Salome Alexandra, took over as queen.