Alexander Jannaeus was a king of the Hasmonean dynasty in ancient Judea, ruling from 103 to 76 BCE. He was known for his military campaigns that expanded the territory of Judea and for his conflicts with the Pharisees, a prominent Jewish sect. His reign was marked by both territorial gains and internal strife. Jannaeus was also notable for his efforts to strengthen the Jewish state and promote Hellenistic culture. He built several cities and fortifications, including the city of Alexandria in honor of his name. His rule ended with his death, leading to a power struggle among his successors.