Johan van Oldenbarnevelt was a prominent Dutch statesman in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He played a crucial role in the struggle for Dutch independence from Spain during the Eighty Years' War. As a leading figure in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, he served as the Grand Pensionary, effectively acting as the chief advisor to the government. Van Oldenbarnevelt was known for his efforts to promote religious tolerance and political stability. However, his rivalry with Maurits of Nassau, the military leader of the Dutch Republic, led to his downfall. In 1619, he was arrested and executed, marking a significant turning point in Dutch politics.