Jahandar Shah was the Mughal Emperor of India from 1707 to 1712. He was the son of Aurangzeb, the last powerful Mughal ruler, and ascended to the throne after his father's death. His reign was marked by political instability and the decline of the Mughal Empire, as various factions vied for power. During Jahandar Shah's rule, he faced challenges from regional leaders and the growing influence of the Marathas and Sikhs. His inability to effectively manage these conflicts led to a weakened central authority. Ultimately, he was overthrown in a coup and died in captivity in 1713.