The Italian Wars of Independence were a series of conflicts in the 19th century aimed at unifying the various states of the Italian peninsula. These wars primarily took place between 1848 and 1870, involving key players like the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Austrian Empire, and various nationalist groups. The movement sought to end foreign domination and establish a unified Italy. The first war began in 1848, leading to a series of uprisings and battles. The most significant victories occurred during the second war in 1859, led by figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Camillo di Cavour. Ultimately, the efforts culminated in the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.