Italian history is rich and diverse, beginning with the ancient civilizations of the Etruscans and Romans. The Roman Empire, which emerged around 27 BC, became one of the most powerful empires in history, influencing law, politics, and culture across Europe. After the fall of the empire in the 5th century AD, Italy experienced a period of fragmentation, leading to the rise of various city-states like Venice, Florence, and Milan during the Renaissance. The unification of Italy, known as the Risorgimento, occurred in the 19th century, culminating in 1861 when the Kingdom of Italy was established. Throughout the 20th century, Italy faced significant challenges, including involvement in both World