Islamic expansion refers to the spread of Islam and its influence across various regions, particularly during the 7th to 10th centuries. Following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, Muslim armies rapidly conquered vast territories, including parts of the Byzantine and Sassanian empires. This expansion was driven by a combination of military conquests, trade, and the appeal of Islamic teachings. As a result of this expansion, diverse cultures and societies came into contact with Islam. The establishment of caliphates, such as the Umayyad and Abbasid, facilitated the spread of knowledge, art, and science, leading to a flourishing of Islamic civilization. This period significantly shaped the political and cultural landscape of regions from Spain to India.