The term "Islamic Civil War" often refers to conflicts within the Islamic community, particularly the struggles for power and leadership following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. This period saw the emergence of factions, primarily the Sunni and Shia, who disagreed on rightful leadership, leading to significant political and social divisions. One of the most notable conflicts was the First Fitna (656-661 CE), a civil war that arose from disputes over the caliphate. Key figures included Ali, the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law, and Muawiya, the governor of Syria. This conflict set the stage for ongoing sectarian tensions in the Islamic world.