The Indus Valley people were an ancient civilization that thrived around 2500 BCE in the region of present-day Pakistan and northwest India. They are known for their advanced urban planning, including well-organized cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which featured grid layouts, drainage systems, and public baths. Their society was likely engaged in agriculture, trade, and craft production. The Indus Valley civilization had a rich culture, evident in their pottery, seals, and jewelry. They developed a script that remains undeciphered, indicating a complex system of communication. The decline of this civilization around 1900 BCE is still a subject of research, with theories suggesting climate change or invasions.