The Indo-Pakistani conflicts refer to a series of military and political disputes between India and Pakistan, primarily over the region of Kashmir. These conflicts began shortly after both countries gained independence from British rule in 1947. The first major war occurred in 1947-1948, leading to the establishment of a ceasefire line, but tensions have persisted, resulting in further wars in 1965 and 1971. The conflicts are fueled by territorial claims, religious differences, and national identity issues. Both nations possess nuclear weapons, which adds a layer of complexity to their rivalry. Efforts for peace have been made, but lasting resolutions remain elusive.