Indicator electrodes are specialized sensors used in electrochemistry to measure the potential of a solution. They respond to specific ions or molecules, providing valuable information about the concentration of these substances in a sample. Common types of indicator electrodes include glass electrodes for measuring pH and ion-selective electrodes for detecting specific ions like sodium or potassium. These electrodes work by establishing an electrochemical equilibrium between the electrode and the solution. The resulting voltage is then measured and correlated to the concentration of the target ion, allowing for precise analysis in various applications, including environmental monitoring and clinical diagnostics.