pH electrodes are specialized sensors used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. They consist of a glass bulb that responds to hydrogen ion concentration, producing a voltage that correlates to the pH level. These electrodes are commonly used in laboratories, agriculture, and water quality testing. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 indicating acidity and values above 7 indicating alkalinity. Accurate pH measurement is essential for various applications, including chemical reactions, biological processes, and environmental monitoring. Regular calibration and maintenance of pH electrodes ensure reliable readings.